Systemic–CFD Framework for Performance Optimization of R-Candy Propulsion Systems

This study used a Systemic Modeling technique, based on the methodologies of Churchman and Ackoff, to integrate and assess the subsystems regulating the functionality of a Rocket Candy (R-Candy) motor. The nozzle and combustion chamber design was improved using a five-phase systemic architecture to assure the coherent interplay of essential factors, including pressure, temperature, and velocity fields. The principles of experimental rocketry are elucidated through the examination of impulse performance throughout class A to class C engines. A preliminary design was developed in SolidWorks 2024, incorporating the engine’s three main components: the igniter, the combustion chamber, and a convergent–divergent nozzle that enhances the acceleration of the exhaust gases. The system model was validated using simulations in FEATool and verified through experimentation. This allowed for the analysis of fluid behavior, as well as the geometry of the structures, initial parameters, and boundary conditions. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the simulations and the experimental data, with discrepancies of less than 1.5%, confirming the reliability and feasibility of the nozzle design. The findings indicate that systemic modeling, in conjunction with CFD and experimentation, can provide a strategic framework for iterative refinement, optimization of key performance metrics, and the development of cost-effective, high-performance R-Candy engines for educational and experimental purposes.