Association of TNF-⍺ promoter polymorphisms with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a study from South India

Abstract Background −1031 (T/C) and AA for − 308 (G/A) showing a higher risk for disease susceptibility (OR = 3.5 and 8.7, respectively) and severity (OR = 1.99 and 8.59, respectively). Elevated levels of all biochemical markers were significantly correlated with higher severity of disease. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that individuals with variants at both loci exhibited the highest risk (OR = 3.67) for COVID-19. Conclusion These findings suggest that TNF-α polymorphisms may serve as potential genetic markers for predicting COVID-19 susceptibility and progression in South Indian population.