Cities as laboratories for the energy transition

Cities are at the forefront of the energy transition, playing a pivotal role in shaping the way we generate, consume, and manage energy. At the urban level, frictions in the energy regime and specific local constellations can open space for experimentation with energy system innovations with the potential to transform the energy regime beyond the local context. This paper proposes that urban stakeholders not only adopt novel strategies and technologies, positioning cities as testing grounds and pivotal sites for implementing change but also innovate and explore new methods to improve energy efficiency, alter energy consumption patterns, and innovate energy production. Focusing on the local scope of action and the urban level as a level for experimentation, this paper applies the multilevel perspective Geels (Res Policy 31:1257–74, 2002), which analyzes transformations as an interplay of three different levels: landscape, regime, and niches. The results are based on case studies in two metropolitan areas in Germany, Frankfurt/Main and Berlin. Starting with a literature review on the role and scope of actions for cities, it presents and discusses findings from qualitative guideline-based actor and expert interviews, providing insight into the assessment, experiences and perceptions of key actors of the local energy systems of these two urban areas. The results highlight the scope and fields of action of cities and highlight the high potential for local experimentation as well as existing challenges and barriers.