Neuroglial Function and Hormonal Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Influence of Sex Hormones

Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, key neuroglial cell types, are essential for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, immune regulation, and neuronal support. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), glial dysfunction contributes to pathogenesis via chronic inflammation, synaptic disruption, oxidative stress, and impaired myelination. Growing evidence highlights the regulatory influence of sex hormones on glial function. These hormones modulate inflammatory tone, synaptic remodeling, and remyelination, potentially contributing to sex-based differences in disease incidence, progression, and treatment response. This review synthesizes current understanding of glial involvement in neurodegeneration and examines how gonadal hormones interact with astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. By integrating glial biology with neuroendocrinology, we propose that hormone-glia interactions represent promising, personalized targets for sex-informed therapies in CNS disorders.