Computational Design Methods for geometry-driven upcycling of found objects in construction

Computational Design Methods (CDMs) have increasingly supported the use of Found Objects (FOs) for circular construction. These methods automate the geometric assignment of FOs to a target design, yet a comprehensive overview is lacking. In this context, this paper systematically reviews 142 publications on CDMs for upcycling FOs in construction. It categorizes existing workflows and identifies six key CDMs based on assignment logic and four geometric FO types. The review serves as a roadmap for future research and practical applications, aiding architects and engineers in informed decision-making. It emphasizes the potential of utilizing FOs’ inherent geometry as design drivers for economical and aesthetic architectural solutions. This paper also identifies challenges in scaling CDMs from prototypes to practical applications, such as structural performance and integration with existing workflows. Future research directions include developing AI-based methods, automating construction processes using CDMs, and advocating for sensitivity analysis to assess adaptability across design scenarios.