COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON NIOSOMES A TOOL IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) have emerged as a trans-formative approach to overcoming the limitations of conventional drug delivery, particularly for chronic and Life threatening diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. Traditional formulation often suffer from poor solubility, rapid metabolism, off-target toxicity, and inadequate therapeutic efficacy. NDDS aim to deliver the right dose of a drug to the targeted site while maintaining optimal plasma levels for the required duration. Among various advanced carriers vesicular system especially niosomes have gained substantial attention due to their bio-compatibility, structural stability, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes, composed primarily of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol, offer advantages such as improved bio availability, reduced toxicity, prolonged circulation time, controlled drug release, site-specific delivery. Their application span trans-dermal, ocular, oral, pulmonary, and even blood-brain barrier delivery, making them valuable in chemotherapy, immunology, vaccine delivery, and gene delivery. Various preparation techniques, including thin film hydration, ether injection, microfluidization, and pro niosomes conversion, allow precise control over vesicle size lamellarity, and entrapment efficiency. Nanocarrier-based systems further enhance therapeutic outcomes by improving pharmacokinetics reducing systemic toxicity and enabling ligand-mediated targeting. Overall, NDDS particularly niosomal systems represent a promising platform for achieving effective, safe, and targeted drug therapy, addressing the critical challenges associates with conventional drug delivery.