Stability and drug delivery challenges of pharmaceutical formulations in microgravity environments

The stability and efficacy of pharmaceuticals during long-duration space mion International Space Stationions are critically challenged by unique conditions, such as microgravity, cosmic radiation, and temperature fluctuations. Initially, these environmental factors compromise drug formulation and stability, whereas spaceflight-induced physiological changes alter pharmacokinetics, including absorption, metabolism, and excretion. To address the challenges of long-term space conditions, innovative approaches such as nanotechnology-based drug encapsulation and 3D printing of personalized medicines have been developed, enabling enhanced stability and on-demand production in space. Furthermore, advanced drug delivery systems, including implantable and wearable devices, offer controlled and adaptive therapeutic administration that is suited to microgravity environments. Continued research and collaboration between space agencies and the pharmaceutical industry are essential for developing space-specific pharmaceuticals to ensure astronaut health and isuccess in future deep-space exploration. The objectives of this review are to investigate novel formulation and delivery technologies created to address these difficulties in microgravity settings, clarify the physicochemical and biological processes influencing drug efficacy, and investigate the elements causing pharmaceutical instability in space. Space conditions can cause medicines to degrade during Space Travel Nanotechnology helps protect and stabilize drugs in space conditions. Smart nanoformulations ensure safe, long-lasting astronaut therapy.