Tracking sources and methods of gene transfer for emerging and tricky disease rice false smut (RFS)

Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a destructive emerging fungal disease that significantly impacts rice production spots globally. The pathogen primarily infects rice at the flowering stage, leading to the development of greenish-brown smut balls on panicles, which significantly reduce grain yield, quality and seed health. Managing this disease has become increasingly difficult due to the pathogen’s adaptability and resistance to commonly used fungicides. A major factor contributing to the persistence of U. virens is the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, allowing the pathogen to acquire genetic material from other microorganisms or environmental sources. This process enhances its virulence and complicates disease control. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind gene transfer, such as backcrossing and marker-assisted selection, is crucial in developing effective strategies against false smut. Genetic diversity within U. virens populations further challenges disease management and influences the effectiveness of rice breeding programs. This article is compliance of the multidisciplinary approaches traditional, modern/integrated breeding techniques and crop protection strategies to combat this threat. Advanced research in pathogen genomics and resistant rice varieties can help better understand mechanisms, sources of resistance and mitigate the impact of false smut and sustain rice productivity. Strengthening disease surveillance and resistance breeding efforts will be key in reducing future outbreaks.