Optimization of biogas production using municipal solid waste in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review

Biogas derived from Municipal Solid Waste presents a viable pathway toward sustainable energy generation and improved waste management in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review synthesizes over 80 studies to evaluate optimization strategies for MSW-based biogas systems across the region. The analysis identifies key technological configurations, fixed-dome, plug-flow, and continuously stirred tank reactors, and their associated optimization techniques, including co-digestion, feedstock pretreatment, and parameter control. Results indicate that co-digestion can increase methane yield by 25–40%, while temperature and hydraulic retention time optimization enhance gas output by up to 30%. However, implementation remains constrained by limited financing, technical capacity, and inconsistent policy support. Comparative insights from Asia and South America reveal that sustained subsidies, training programs, and public–private partnerships significantly enhance adoption and yield outcomes. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating technological optimization with economic feasibility and social acceptance, ensuring scalable and inclusive biogas systems. Unlike previous studies, this review systematically maps optimization pathways specific to the SSA context, linking technology, finance, and governance to guide future sustainable energy transitions.