Sensory Processing, Processing Speed, and Memory across the Lifespan

This paper examines the central role of sensory processing (SP) and processing speed (PS) in the development, maintenance, and decline of memory across the lifespan. Sensory systems, including visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic modalities, constitute the primary pathways through which information enters the brain and underpins the encoding, integration, and retrieval of memories. Efficient and rapid SP in early development facilitates robust memory formation, whereas age-related reductions in sensory acuity and processing speed are associated with memory decline and increased cognitive effort in later life. The paper further explores how atypical sensory integration and slowed PS present in neurodivergent children, particularly those with autism or ADHD, and how these differences influence learning and working memory. It provides a detailed overview of common SP challenges and associated behavioral indicators, including difficulties with sensory discrimination, motor planning, and susceptibility to mental fatigue. In addition, practical observational tools and reference tables are presented to support the identification of sensory- and speed-related difficulties in home and educational settings. The paper underscores the importance of early and targeted interventions (e.g., sensory integration therapy, auditory training, and assistive sensory supports) as well as strategies aimed at promoting cognitive resilience in aging populations. Overall, understanding the dynamic interaction between SP and cognitive function is critical for educators, clinicians, and caregivers seeking to optimize learning, memory performance, and quality of life.