Psychometric evaluation of the Perceived Parental Phubbing Scale (PPPS) among Iranian university students: associations with psychosocial factors and group differences

The Persian PPPS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing perceived parental phubbing among Iranian students. The lack of gender differences suggests cultural or developmental nuances in how such behaviors are interpreted. The findings highlight the role of psychological vulnerability and relational context, offering a foundation for future cross-cultural research and culturally responsive interventions promoting mindful smartphone use in families.