Statistical properties of the rooted-tree encoding of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si65.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1724"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mml:mi> </mml:math>

We prime-encode the natural numbers via recursive factorisation, iterated to the exponents, generating a corpus of planar rooted trees equivalently represented as Dyck words. This forms a deterministic text endowed with internal rules. Statistical analysis of the corpus reveals that the dictionary and the entropy grow sublinearly, compression shows non-monotonic trend, and the rank-frequency curves assume a stable parabolic form deviating from Zipf’s law. Correlation analysis using mean-squared displacement reveals a transition from normal diffusion to superdiffusion in the associated walk. These findings characterise the tree-encoded sequence as a statistically structured text with long-range correlations grounded in its generative arithmetic law, providing an empirical basis for subsequent theoretical investigations and empirical ones with large language models.

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Publication Details

Journal
Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
Published
2026-02-04
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2026.131361
Primary Topic
Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Statistical properties of the rooted-tree encoding of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si65.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1724"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mml:mi> </mml:math>

Cecilia Vernia, Claudio Giberti, Godwin Osabutey, Pierluigi Contucci
Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
article

Statistical properties of the rooted-tree encoding of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si65.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1724"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mml:mi> </mml:math>

Cecilia Vernia, Claudio Giberti, Godwin Osabutey, Pierluigi Contucci
article en

Abstract

We prime-encode the natural numbers via recursive factorisation, iterated to the exponents, generating a corpus of planar rooted trees equivalently represented as Dyck words. This forms a deterministic text endowed with internal rules. Statistical analysis of the corpus reveals that the dictionary and the entropy grow sublinearly, compression shows non-monotonic trend, and the rank-frequency curves assume a stable parabolic form deviating from Zipf’s law. Correlation analysis using mean-squared displacement reveals a transition from normal diffusion to superdiffusion in the associated walk. These findings characterise the tree-encoded sequence as a statistically structured text with long-range correlations grounded in its generative arithmetic law, providing an empirical basis for subsequent theoretical investigations and empirical ones with large language models.

Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its ApplicationsVol. 686
Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emila, Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica "Francesco Severi", European Commission, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica
Openalex Percentile: Top 67%
Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
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