Statistical properties of the rooted-tree encoding of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si65.svg" display="inline" id="d1e1724"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mml:mi> </mml:math>
We prime-encode the natural numbers via recursive factorisation, iterated to the exponents, generating a corpus of planar rooted trees equivalently represented as Dyck words. This forms a deterministic text endowed with internal rules. Statistical analysis of the corpus reveals that the dictionary and the entropy grow sublinearly, compression shows non-monotonic trend, and the rank-frequency curves assume a stable parabolic form deviating from Zipf’s law. Correlation analysis using mean-squared displacement reveals a transition from normal diffusion to superdiffusion in the associated walk. These findings characterise the tree-encoded sequence as a statistically structured text with long-range correlations grounded in its generative arithmetic law, providing an empirical basis for subsequent theoretical investigations and empirical ones with large language models.
Authors
- Cecilia Vernia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1866-7968)
- Claudio Giberti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-3903)
- Godwin Osabutey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-5521)
- Pierluigi Contucci
Publication Details
- Journal
- Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
- Published
- 2026-02-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2026.131361
- Primary Topic
- Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emila
- Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica "Francesco Severi"
- European Commission
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica