Does working from home pollute? The environmental effects of WFH

Work-from-home (WFH) arrangements experienced an unprecedented boom since the Covid-19 crisis. This study examines the environmental consequences of WFH, focusing on P M 2 . 5 , the most harmful air pollutant globally. Using the rise in WFH prevalence due to Covid-19 lockdown restrictions, we provide evidence that the expansion of WFH contributes to higher P M 2 . 5 levels. Three findings support this interpretation: (i) the effect is mainly driven by workplace closures, unlike other restrictions; (ii) it is weaker in municipalities with a larger share of essential workers, who kept on going to their workplace during lockdown periods; and (iii) it is stronger where a greater share of the workforce can work remotely. These results suggest that residential emissions offset the expected gains from reduced commuting. They also highlight the need for policymakers to address the environmental challenges associated with WFH, particularly through energy efficiency improvements and cleaner residential heating technologies.