Association between organophosphorus flame retardant exposure and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults: NHANES data from 2011 to 2016
Our analysis reveals complex, non-monotonic associations between OPFR metabolites and renal function in U.S. adults, presenting a challenge to the prevailing assumption of linear nephrotoxicity. The observed associations warrant cautious interpretation due to potential reverse causality, underscoring the complexity of low-dose exposure assessment and the need for refined risk assessment frameworks.
Authors
- Xiang-xiang Zhang
- Pu Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8074-189X)
- Fu‐Rong Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4707-6590)
- Yuebin Yang
- Lijian Lei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2321-3482)
- Lingyun Zhuo
- Qikai Xiang
- Ping Zhang
- Hongjing Ren
- Xiao-rong Guo
Institutions
- Shanxi Medical University (CN)
- Shanxi Coal Transportation and Sales Group (China) (CN)
- Jinzhong University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- European journal of medical research
- Published
- 2026-02-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-03926-8
- Primary Topic
- Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Division of Graduate Education