Effects of demographic variables on mathematics self-esteem, test anxiety, and achievement in adolescents: a Bayesian beta regression analysis

The results highlight the complex interplay between psychological and demographic variables in shaping mathematics outcomes. Strengthening students' self-esteem and addressing test anxiety are essential for promoting equitable learning environments. The findings underscore the importance of demographic context, pointing to the need for targeted interventions and policies that support resilience, reduce anxiety, and enhance adolescent mathematics achievement.