Combining horticulture with forestry

In Ireland's temperate climate, natural succession describes the process by which ecosystems develop in complexity over time, transitioning from bare rock to old-growth forest. This progression begins with lichens and mosses colonizing exposed rock, followed by fast-growing annuals, perennials, pasture, scrub, and eventually mature forest ecosystems such as native oak woodlands. Each stage reflects increasing soil depth, organic matter accumulation, and ecological diversity.