CLIMATE BIODIVERSITY INTERACTIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Climate change and biodiversity loss together define a critical global crisis of the Anthropocene, as rising greenhouse gases, altered precipitation regimes, ocean warming, extreme climatic events and disruptions in biogeochemical cycles are transforming ecosystem structure and resilience while simultaneously driving biodiversity declines from genes to biomes. This review aims to elucidate how climate and biodiversity interact through mechanistic pathways, reciprocal feedback loops and ecosystem-level processes that shape ecological stability under accelerating environmental change. To address this, the review synthesizes global empirical and modelling evidence on ecosystem responses, evaluates riskprediction frameworks and tipping-point dynamics, and examines the potential of nature based solutions, ecosystem restoration, protected area expansion and assisted evolution as integrated mitigation and adaptation strategies. This synthesis reveals that biodiversity loss not only reflects the impacts of climate change but also amplifies warming by reducing carbon storage, altering energy and water fluxes and weakening ecological resilience, thereby emphasizing urgent research challenges and innovation priorities needed to guide global policy, conservation planning and sustainable land use transitions.