Adaptive Hybrid Energy Harvester Integrating PV, TEG, and Piezoelectric Sources With Real‐Time Power Management and Experimental Validation

ABSTRACT This study presents the design and evaluation of a hybrid energy harvesting system integrating photovoltaic, thermoelectric generator, and piezoelectric transducers to enhance conversion efficiency and energy reliability in variable environments. A unified power management unit incorporating maximum power point tracking and dynamic source‐switching algorithms enables optimal extraction and regulation of power from each source. The system was modeled and validated using MATLAB/Simulink and hardware prototyping. Experimental results show a 28%–35% increase in overall harvested energy compared with the best‐performing standalone harvester under fluctuating solar irradiance, temperature gradients, and mechanical vibrations. The hybrid configuration demonstrated superior load stability and source redundancy, highlighting its potential for autonomous operation in Internet of Things nodes and off‐grid microelectronic systems.