Geomagnetic-field-based positioning and navigation technologies: A review of applications in intelligent and mechanical equipment

Geomagnetic field–based positioning and navigation technologies have gradually evolved into an important alternative to satellite navigation, particularly for mechanical equipment and engineering systems operating in GPS-denied or GPS-challenged environments. From the perspective of engineering equipment applications, this paper provides a systematic review of the current state of development and key issues in geomagnetic navigation and positioning technologies. First, the physical characteristics of the Earth’s magnetic field and representative magnetic sensor are summarized, with an emphasis on their deployment approach on equipment platforms. Subsequently, commonly used geomagnetic positioning and navigation methods and algorithms are systematically reviewed, and their adaptability and engineering performance are analyzed. Furthermore, representative application cases of geomagnetic navigation in aerial, terrestrial, and underwater domains are reviewed to demonstrate the practical potential and engineering value of this technology in equipment systems. Finally, the major challenges encountered in engineering applications of geomagnetic navigation are discussed, and future development trends are outlined. This review aims to provide systematic references and technical guidance for bridging fundamental research on geomagnetic positioning and navigation with engineering implementation on equipment platforms.