Decoding MicroRNA Networks in Plant Vegetative and Reproductive Branching: Mechanisms and Applications for Crop Improvement

Plant branching, encompassing both vegetative and reproductive forms, is a complex and crucial process that shapes overall architecture and determines crop yield and biomass. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as master regulators in fine-tuning the intricate genetic and hormonal networks that govern plant branching. This review systematically synthesises recent advances in understanding how miRNA-target gene modules regulate essential pathways to orchestrate the branching patterns. We highlight a central insight that specific miRNA families form hierarchical, stage-specific networks that facilitate the independent optimisation of vegetative and reproductive branching. Furthermore, we explore the potential applications of miRNA manipulation in optimising branching architecture to improve crop yield. By critically evaluating strategies such as artificial miRNAs, target mimics and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we discuss how modulating miRNA networks can engineer ideal plant architecture. Finally, we provide a forward-looking perspective on overcoming challenges in miRNA-based crop improvement, emphasising the integration of single-cell omics and epigenetic insights to achieve precise genetic modifications. This review underscores the transformative potential of miRNAs in designing future crops for enhanced productivity.