Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Pathological Mechanisms to Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Therapeutic Strategies

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease whose exact cause remains unclear and is likely the result of multiple factors such as genetics and environmental influences. This disease primarily affects the joints and subsequently presents with extra-articular manifestations.The pathogenesis of RA is complex, and current research is yet to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Consequently, investigations into the pathophysiological processes of RA remain in its early stages. Recent advancements in diagnostic methodologies and pharmacological interventions have significantly improved RA management. A growing number of novel therapeutic agents have been introduced, with methotrexate (MTX) remaining the cornerstone of first-line treatment. Furthermore, contemporary drug development efforts have increasingly focused on molecular medicine to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its unique theoretical system and therapeutic approaches, demonstrates promising potential in the treatment of RA and is increasingly attracting global attention. Clinical studies on Tripterygium wilfordii (thunder god vine) and preparations of Paeonia lactiflora (white peony) in rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions have also demonstrated certain efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine. Currently, the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medical approaches for RA treatment is gaining wider acceptance. Therefore, this review will focus on exploring the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in improving RA outcomes, based on the diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiological mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis.