Suitable species for shadowing and animal wellness

Land use change and abandonment in Mediterranean areas often trigger a poor tree coverage on agricultural lands. This situation rises owing to the adoption of intensive agrotechniques, firstly mechanization. The subsequent loss of human presidium exposes the abandoned areas to the deleterious effects of recurrent fires and soil degrade. As a consequence, breeding activities in free range are largely affected by the inhospitality of these lands. In Italy, Maremma is an explanatory place for such hitches. Placed along the Tyrrhenian coast and delimited in the inner by the volcanic slopes of Amiata Mountain, Vulsini, Cimini and Sabatini Hills, Maremma extends across Tuscany and Latium from Cecina River in the north to Tolfa Mountains in the south. The vocation of the area for cereal cultivation and pastoralism strongly simplified the rural landscape. This is why Maremma became a large hilly or flat area without trees, arising problems for the animal wellness. Here, important zootechnical farms relies on frugal cattle races for free ranging.