Understanding Neurodegenerative Diseases From the −Omics Perspective: Lessons Learnt

As the population ages, certain neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are becoming a major health issue. For this reason, this review will focus on the most common ND with onset after 65 years old; Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. NDs are the results of multifactorial processes causing pleiotropic changes in molecular and protein networks linking a host of biological processes that lead to protein dysregulation and aggregation that ultimately leads to neurodegeneration. Genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies have been instrumental to identify novel genes and proteins implicated on diseases that point to novel disease mechanism, as well as the identification of disease biomarkers. Here, we provide a review of the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies on ND so far, as well as future opportunities and challenges. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:566-587.