Chemical and Biological Strategies to Disrupt Biofilms: A New Era in Infectious Disease Management and Antimicrobial Resistance Control

Biofilm-associated infections are a major medical problem that is responsible for nearly 80% of human microbial infections. These bacterial communities are protected by a strong extracellular matrix that limits antibiotic penetration and supports persister cells and quorum-sensing–driven resistance. Biofilm development occurs in several stages and ultimately forms complex structures that block antimicrobial action. To overcome this, chemical strategies include quorum-sensing inhibitors, matrix-degrading agents, antimicrobial peptides, and photodynamic therapy. Biological approaches use bacteriophages, enzymes such as DNase, and probiotics that disrupt biofilms through competitive mechanisms. Combination therapies—such as antibiotic-phage or enzyme-antibiotic treatments—show improved effectiveness. Advanced delivery systems involving nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels enhance drug penetration in biofilms, particularly in wound care. New technologies, including AI-guided drug discovery and CRISPR targeting, are advancing future anti-biofilm treatments.