Comprehensive Assessment of Calculous Cholecystitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Karnataka Region: Demographics, Surgical Outcomes, Histopathological and Biochemical Perspectives for Optimal Management

Background: This study evaluates the clinical profile, surgical outcomes, and histopathological and biochemical characteristics of gallstones in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 58 patients diagnosed with calculous cholecystitis over 18 months. Demographic details, clinical symptoms, and surgical outcomes, including intraoperative and postoperative complications, were recorded. Histopathological examination of gallbladders was performed to assess inflammation, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Biochemical analysis classified gallstones based on composition, providing insights into metabolic and dietary influences. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 22 and Microsoft excel 2016. Result: The male-to-female ratio was 1:2 (19 males, 39 females), mostly aged 21-30 years (27.6%). Common symptoms included right hypochondriac pain (84%) and flatulent dyspepsia (86%). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done in 62% (6-day stay), and open in remaining 38% (10-day stay). Histology showed chronic cholecystitis in 93%. Gallstones were mainly pigmented (83%), followed by mixed (10%) and cholesterol (7%). Bile culture showed pus cells in 3 cases, Gram-negative bacilli in 1, with no growth after 48 hours. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach integrating clinical assessment, surgical management, histopathology, and biochemical profiling is crucial for better patient outcomes. Understanding demographic trends and stone composition aids in personalized treatment and preventive strategies, reducing recurrence rates and complications. Further studies on metabolic risk factors are recommended.