A Review on Electrochemical and Optical Nanobiosensor for the Detection of Progesterone and Estradiol

ABSTRACT This review article covered the use of electrochemical and optical techniques for 17β‐estradiol(E2) and Progesterone(P4) detection. In this study, many types of nanoparticle‐based electrochemical and optical biosensors for Progesterone(P4) and 17β‐estradiol(E2) detection are critically examined. The sex steroid hormones progesterone(P4) and 17β‐estradiol (E2) are produced by the human ovarian follicle and corpus luteum via the traditional steroidogenesis route throughout the reproductive years before menopause. Cholesterol or acetate is the starting material in this process. These hormones play a major role in foetal development, the early pregnancy, control of the menstrual cycle, and reproductive tissues. Disproportionality of these hormones in the human body may result in undesired side effects such as breast soreness, headache, mood swings, anxiety, infertility, premature puberty, hyperandrogenism, hyperthyroidism, and, probably, ovarian cancer. Progesterone(P4) and 17β‐estradiol(E2) are naturally occurring endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are excluded by both domestic animals and people. Therefore, the development of effective techniques for the measurement of Progesterone(P4) and 17β‐estradiol(E2) is urgently needed. We reviewed the many research publications on 17β‐estradiol (E2) and Progesterone(P4) that are available in the literature. To achieve highly sensitive detection of 17β‐estradiol(E2) and progesterone(P4), we carefully examined several studies that use a range of interfering agents and nanomaterials. 17β‐estradiol(E2) and progesterone(P4) can be measured analytically using HPLC, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. These techniques are very sensitive and accurate. Nevertheless, they necessitate costly and advanced equipment, intricate, multi‐step sample preparation processes, and lengthy analysis periods. Taking these restrictions into account, electrochemical and optical biosensors based on nanoparticles have been reported for the sensing of 17β‐estradiol (E2) and progesterone(P4) employing biorecognition molecules such as aptamers, functional polymers, or antibodies. Our goal is to consolidate all of the previously published data on 17β‐estradiol(E2) and progesterone(P4) sensing and compare each approach; we primarily concentrated on the principle, observations, detection limit, reaction mechanism, and concentration.