A systematic review of neurodivergence, vulnerability, and risk in the context of violent extremism

This systematic review examines the functional role of neurodivergence, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in the context of violent extremism, radicalisation, and mass violence. While there is no evidence of a direct causal link in the general population, certain neurodivergent traits and experiences may contextualise vulnerability, resilience, and disengagement in unique ways within extremist populations. By synthesising fragmented knowledge across disciplines, this review contributes to a more nuanced understanding of neurodivergence in violent extremism contexts. This review identified 93 publications. Nine key themes emerged, including social and relationship difficulties, hyperfixation and restricted interests, cognitive styles, sensory issues, vivid ideation, emotional difficulties, and the presence of complex needs. These traits and experiences, especially when combined, may shape individual pathways to risk or resilience. These findings highlight considerations for practice and research with neurodivergent individuals within the extremism context. This review identifies significant gaps in the literature, particularly the scarcity of empirical studies and overreliance on open-source case reports. Key priorities for future research include conducting high-quality empirical studies, analysis of functional links based on detailed closed-source records, and the development of a more nuanced understanding of risk and protective factors in neurodivergent individuals involved in extremism.