Targeting Post‐Irradiation Thyroid Dysfunction: Electrospun Scaffolds As A Dual‐Action Approach for Antioxidant and Immune Modulation

Radiation-induced hypothyroidism (RIHT) is a frequent consequence of head and neck radiotherapy, driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune dysregulation. Current therapies address hormonal imbalance but not underlying tissue damage. Strategies involving macrophage modulation and oxidative stress reduction represent a promising target for restoring homeostasis in the irradiated thyroid. Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds incorporating 0.5%-3% adenosine are developed to provide localized modulation of oxidative and inflammatory responses. Adenosine incorporation does not alter scaffold morphology or stability. In vitro studies demonstrate that 1% adenosine scaffolds enhance thyrocyte proliferation, epithelial cohesion, and expression of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and catalase (CAT), while reducing markers of senescence and apoptosis (RGN, CDKN2A, CASP3). In parallel, adenosine scaffolds regulate THP-1-derived macrophage behaviour, promoting a pro-reparative CD206+/CD163+ phenotype and reducing CD86, CD80, and TNFα expression associated with inflammatory activation. This study identifies fibrosis and oxidative stress as contributors to RIHT and demonstrates the feasibility of adenosine-blended scaffolds as a platform for targeting these mechanisms. Macrophage heterogeneity was characterized in the thyroid pre- and post-irradiation for an immune-guided design. The resulting scaffolds provide a targeted strategy to modulate key contributors to RIHT pathology, laying the groundwork for future in vivo validation.