Diagnostic Challenges and Modern Therapeutic Strategies in Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) represents one of the most diagnostically challenging systemic vasculitides, characterized by its heterogeneous clinical presentation, lack of pathognomonic features, and potential for devastating complications, with a special concern for irreversible vision loss. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence regarding the multifaceted diagnostic challenges in GCA, incorporating recent advances in classification criteria, imaging technologies, biomarker research, and emerging therapeutic strategies.