Spatial paradox between urban center expansion and vitality loss in Guangzhou, China

Urban center expansion represents a significant characteristic of modern urban development. However, this expansion does not necessarily enhance urban vitality directly, and may instead lead to vitality decline in traditional core areas. To analyze this spatial paradox, this study examines the spatial mismatch between urban center expansion and vitality loss in Guangzhou from 2013 to 2023, utilizing Dianping data and deep learning methods. The results show that from 2013 to 2018, Guangzhou’s urban center expansion mainly concentrates in peripheral areas with limited vitality loss, while from 2018 to 2023, the spatial mismatch between urban expansion and vitality loss significantly intensifies, particularly showing vitality decline in core areas. This phenomenon reveals a structural contradiction in current urban development - urban center expansion does not necessarily mean “the bigger, the better.” When promoting urban modernization, cities should balance development between inner and outer areas, diversify functions, and enhance social inclusiveness, with particular emphasis on supporting functional reconstruction and vitality revitalization in core areas to achieve sustainable urban development goals. This study not only provides new perspectives for understanding the relationship between urban center expansion and vitality loss, but also offers scientific foundations and policy recommendations for optimizing urban spatial structures and improving urban governance efficiency.