Magnetic micro/nanorobots for vascular disease diagnosis and therapy: advances, challenges, and clinical translation prospects

With advantages of small size, wireless control and efficient targeting capabilities, magnetic micro/nanorobots provide revolutionary solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases. In this paper, recent magnetic micro/nanorobot research achievements are analyzed systematically, with a focus on the structural design, locomotion mechanisms in vascular environments, imaging monitoring technologies, and application progress in thrombus removal, atherosclerotic plaque identification, aneurysm embolization, vascular repair, and hemorrhage control. Although the clinical translation of magnetic micro/nanorobots still faces challenges, including the insufficient performance of magnetic control devices, difficulties in terms of in vivo retrieval and degradation, and ethical concerns, through interdisciplinary technological innovation and the establishment of standardized regulatory frameworks, magnetic micro/nanorobots are expected to advance vascular disease diagnosis and treatment into a new era of precision and minimally invasive medicine.