BeamNet: Unsupervised Beamforming for ISAC Systems Under Imperfect CSI

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is expected to be a key enabler for future wireless networks, improving spectral and hardware efficiency by jointly performing radar sensing and wireless communication within a unified framework. This paper proposes <i>BeamNet</i>, an unsupervised deep learning framework for transmit beamforming in dual-function radar-communication systems operating over general fading with imperfect channel state information (CSI). <i>BeamNet</i> maps noisy estimates of the communication and sensing channels to a transmit beamforming vector and is trained end-to-end by maximizing a weighted sum of the communication rate (CR) and sensing rate (SR), thereby learning the CR-SR Pareto frontier without beamforming labels or embedded optimization solvers. Using Rayleigh fading with perfect CSI, we first show that <i>BeamNet</i> reproduces the analytical Pareto-optimal beamforming solutions. We then use <i>BeamNet</i> to characterize, for Nakagami-<i>m</i> and Rician fading, the CR-SR trade-off across a range of fading parameters, and to assess robustness under distribution mismatch between training and test channels. Finally, under imperfect CSI, we demonstrate that <i>BeamNet</i> yields CR-SR trade-offs that are consistently sandwiched between the perfect-CSI and mismatched analytical baselines, outperforming the closed-form beamformer applied to imperfect CSI and recovering part of the performance loss caused by channel estimation errors. These results indicate that unsupervised learning offers a flexible and robust approach to ISAC beamforming in fading environments with imperfect channel knowledge.