Therapeutic and Biotechnological Potentials of Cannabis sativa L.: Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity, and Sustainable Valorization

Cannabis sativa L. has been cultivated for centuries due to its nutritional, therapeutic, industrial, and psychoactive properties. More than 565 compounds have been identified, including over 150 phytocannabinoids. The most studied, such as Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN), demonstrate therapeutic potential in the management of chronic pain, inflammation, epilepsy, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and other metabolites contribute synergistically to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Beyond its psychoactive and traditional uses, Cannabis sativa L. generates significant agricultural by-products—leaves, stems, roots, and floral residues—that retain valuable bioactive molecules. These materials represent a promising yet underutilized resource for therapeutic, nutritional, and cosmetic applications, consistent with sustainable valorization and circular economy principles.This review provides an updated overview of the morphological, phytochemical, and pharmacological features of Cannabis sativa L., emphasizing its chemical diversity, broad spectrum of biological properties, and the growing interest in cannabis waste valorization. The findings highlight the potential of Cannabis sativa L. not only as a source of phytochemicals for medicine but also as a driver of sustainable innovation across multiple sectors.