Josephson’s effect in the Schwarzschild background

A bstract We develop a fully covariant, analytic framework for Josephson phenomena in static curved spacetimes and specialize it to the Schwarzschild exterior. The formulation rests on two invariant elements: the gauge-invariant condensate momentum that governs phase dynamics and the conserved current whose hypersurface flux encodes transport for an observer at infinity. Using the timelike Killing field to relate proper and asymptotic quantities, we derive a redshifted AC Josephson law in which the asymptotic phase-evolution rate is proportional to the difference of redshifted voltage drops, i.e. to $$ {V}_i^{\infty}\equiv {\alpha}_i{V}_i^{\textrm{proper}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∞</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>proper</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> ; equivalently, it depends on $$ {\alpha}_i{V}_i^{\textrm{proper}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>proper</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> for local control. Under RF drive specified at infinity, the Shapiro-step loci are invariant (expressed in asymptotic voltages) while propagation phases set any apparent lobe translation. For DC transport, a short-junction solution on a static slice yields the proper current-phase relation; mapping to asymptotic observables gives a single-power redshift scaling of critical currents, $$ {I}_{c,\infty}\propto \alpha {I}_c^{\textrm{proper}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∞</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>proper</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , whereas power scales as P ∞ ∝ α 2 P proper . In a “vertical” dc-SQUID with junctions at different radii, gravity does not shift the DC interference pattern at linear order; it produces a small envelope deformation and an amplitude rescaling. Gravity does not alter the local Josephson microphysics; it reshapes the clocks and energy accounting that define measurements at infinity. The resulting predictions are gauge- and coordinate-invariant, operationally stated in terms an experimenter can control (proper vs. asymptotic bias), and remain analytic from the weak-field regime to the near-horizon limit.