Brucine as a Natural Modulator of Cancer Signaling: Cellular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Translational Perspectives

Brucine (BRU), a naturally occurring indole alkaloid primarily derived from Strychnos nux-vomica, has recently gained attention for its notable anticancer potential. Preclinical studies using both in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated that BRU and its semi-synthetic derivatives exhibit significant inhibitory effects on tumor development across various cancer types, including cervical, breast, liver, skin, colon, and prostate cancers. This review explores the phytochemical properties of BRU, its chemical modifications, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of anticancer activity, as well as findings from clinical research, toxicity profiles, and safety evaluations. Compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, BRU offers a promising alternative due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and natural origin, although its therapeutic application is limited by a narrow safety margin. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of optimized semi-synthetic derivatives and advanced drug delivery systems to enhance its pharmacological performance while minimizing toxicity, supporting its potential as a viable candidate in anticancer therapy.