Harnessing Indonesia's Circular Bioeconomy: Integrating Land, Marine, Forest and Water Resources for Food System Sustainability

ABSTRACT Circular bioeconomy (CBE) applications in land, marine, water and forest sectors are evolving rapidly to support agriculture and food systems. Their integration into national development agendas can advance inclusive, sustainable economic growth while enhancing social welfare and environmental stewardship. However, existing literature offers limited cross‐sectoral analysis of CBE applications. This study addresses that gap through an integrative review of concepts, theories, strategies and practices related to CBE in the context of sustainable agriculture and food systems. We examine research trends and propose future directions across four resource domains: land, marine, forest and water. Findings indicate a widespread transformation of sectoral waste and by‐products into biochar, organic fertilisers, animal feed, nutritional supplements and other bio‐based products that strengthen food systems. Additional outputs include bioenergy, bioplastics, handicrafts, furniture and paper. Drawing on these insights, we introduce a causal loop diagram illustrating a CBE model that links all four sectors. For Indonesia, leveraging CBE within global networks will require technological innovation, robust policies and cross‐sector collaboration to realise its full potential and align with global sustainability targets.