A case study of multi-element composition and bioaccumulation in wild plant species along two riverbanks

This research examines the composition of macro and trace elements in wild plants that thrive along two riverbanks, with an emphasis on their capacity for bioaccumulation, potential for phytoremediation, and contributions to nutrition. Nutritional assessment showed that these plants contribute on average 7% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for K, 3.8% for P, while trace elements contribute on average to the RDA as follows: Fe (51.9% for male and 23.2% for female) > Ni (26%) > Cu (19.1%) > Zn (5.4% for male and 7.5% for female). Bioaccumulation revealed that <i>Amaranthus retroflexus</i> and <i>Cuscuta campestris</i> clustered together as efficient accumulators. Cadmium and Pb were identified as the primary contributors to the elevated hazard index, indicating that they are the trace elements of greatest concern regarding non-carcinogenic health risks in this study. This case study examines 17 plant species, offering new insights into their dual functions as bioindicators and sources of nutrition. It establishes a foundational benchmark for phytoremediation strategies in similar ecosystems affected by human activities. This study uniquely highlights the nutritional potential and health risks associated with the consumption of wild plants. The findings emphasize the significant role of wild plants in meeting dietary needs for elements such as Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn while also addressing the potential human health risks, their capacity for bioaccumulation, and potential for phytoremediation.