ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR OBSTETRIC AND PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS PATHOGENETICALLY LINKED TO GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women and evaluate its impact on maternal and neonatal quality of life. Materials and Methods. A comprehensive review of contemporary scientific literature from the past ten years was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The selection included studies examining epidemiological data, metabolic and angiogenic markers, and clinical outcomes associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Comparative and analytical methods were applied to summarize current findings and identify key determinants influencing disease development and pregnancy outcomes. Results. The analysis revealed a global increase in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus, ranging from 2% to 38% depending on population and diagnostic criteria. GDM was shown to significantly contribute to maternal complications such as preeclampsia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, as well as adverse neonatal outcomes including macrosomia, hypoglycemia, and long-term metabolic disorders. Furthermore, alterations in angiogenic balance were identified as an important pathogenetic link between GDM and placental dysfunction. Early detection and preventive management strategies were found to improve pregnancy outcomes and reduce perinatal risks. Conclusion: Gestational diabetes mellitus represents a major metabolic and vascular challenge in pregnancy, underscoring the need for early diagnostic screening and targeted interventions to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.