Smoking status and cessation duration in relation to the progression of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank

Smoking has substantial but varied impacts across transitions in CRMM progression and disease-specific pathways. Long-term smoking cessation is an important strategy for reducing the risk of CRMM onset and progression. Individuals with specific prior smoking patterns (e.g., male or heavy smokers) and those at certain transition states warrant particular attention during the short-term period following smoking cessation.