Exploring the mediating role of physical activity levels in the relationship between physical literacy and physical fitness in Chinese university students

PL is strongly linked to physical fitness in Chinese university students, with PALs acting as a critical mediator. The inconsistent BMI findings underscore its complex determinants, which extend beyond physical activity. Promoting PL and PALs through university physical education programs may improve fitness outcomes. Future research should validate these findings using larger samples, longitudinal designs, and broader body composition indicators (<i>e.g.</i>, body fat percentage, muscle mass).