Smart cities for all? Assessing the equity-sustainability nexus in Chengdu's digital governance

The rapid global proliferation of smart city technologies necessitates a critical examination of their role in promoting sustainable urban development and inclusive decision-making. This study investigates this dynamic through a case study of Chengdu, China. While digital platforms like the Chengdu Urban Brain Project and the Chengdu Voice app have increased citizen engagement by 45 % (2021–2025) and improved environmental sustainability (e.g., 50 % more green space, 28 % lower PM2.5 levels), significant disparities persist across demographic groups. Findings reveal that higher-income and younger populations participate 75 % more than low-income residents and seniors, who face barriers due to digital literacy gaps and privacy concerns. Through qualitative interviews (n = 20), case studies, and demographic analysis, this research highlights the tension between technological efficiency and social equity in smart governance. The study contributes to theory by advancing frameworks for inclusive smart cities in non-Western contexts and offers practical policy recommendations, including hybrid (online-offline) engagement models and stronger data privacy protections. Results underscore that while smart cities enhance sustainability and quality of life, proactive measures, such as targeted digital literacy programs and robust data protection laws, are needed to ensure equitable benefits for all citizens. • This paper provides significant engagement & sustainability gains. • It finds persistent participation disparities. • The paper presents barriers to equity. • It recommends need for inclusive solutions.