Polymer-based nanofibers in biomedicine: Fabrication to therapeutic applications

Nanofibers emerge as a groundbreaking advancement in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio, porosity, and ability to deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled and targeted manner. This review explores the development of nanofiber technology, focusing on electrospinning-a versatile method for fabricating nanofibers. Electrospinning enables production of fibers with specific morphologies and functionalities, including multilayered and core-shell structures, allowing controlled release kinetics and improved drug stability. Nanofibers are categorized into polysaccharide-based, synthetic, and composite types, each with biomedical applications. Polysaccharides like chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate offer biocompatibility and bioactivity, ideal for wound healing and tissue engineering. Synthetic polymers like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) provide mechanical strength, while composites combine advantages of multiple materials for multifunctional use. Polymer composites support stimuli-responsive drug delivery triggered by pH or temperature, effective for cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. Their ECM-mimicking ability adds value in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, challenges like scalability, regulatory issues, and concerns about biodegradability and toxicity remain. The article concludes by highlighting the future potential of nanofibers in personalized medicine, improved drug bioavailability, and tissue regeneration, bridging the gap between research and clinical implementation.