“Social ties have helped our well-being”: experiences and reflections of undocumented Nepalese immigrants in Portugal

Purpose This study aims to explore the wellbeing of undocumented Nepalese immigrants in Portugal, focusing on the impacts of “illegalization” on their lives and how they navigate structural violence through the mobilization of social capital. It aims to explore various wellbeing dimensions – living environment, physical health, economic stability and emotional, social and spiritual wellbeing – identifying key factors that may mitigate or exacerbate these challenges. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative methods, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, key information interviews and field note analysis. The study sample includes 13 undocumented Nepalese immigrants, 15 documented immigrants and four representatives from supporting organizations. A comparative analysis highlights differences in wellbeing between documented and undocumented groups. Findings Results indicate that undocumented Nepalese immigrants experienced lower overall wellbeing than documented counterparts, consistent with prior research. However, the study finds that robust social capital within the Nepalese communities significantly aided participants by providing access to housing, employment and emotional support, helping to counterbalance some of the adverse effects associated with undocumented status. Originality/value This study contributes to social work and migration studies by emphasizing the critical role of social capital in supporting the wellbeing of undocumented Nepalese immigrants in Portugal. Findings suggest actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners to better support them, offering broader implications for social care in vulnerable migrant populations.