Effect of breed and breeding districts on the reduction of milk production in cows during heat stress

Global warming and rising air temperatures are expected to directly affect summer milk production in dairy cows across Europe, particularly in regions with high dairy cattle concentrations. The impact on milk production may vary widely, as cows respond differently to environmental changes. They adapt more easily to favorable conditions but struggle with sudden stressors. This paper reviews the climatic influences on milk production and cow behavior under heat stress, categorizing impacts into indirect long-term effects and direct short-term effects. Economic losses in milk production can be assessed using the milk prediction decline (MPD) feature, demonstrated for four cow breeds in three districts of Serbia.