Effects of financial inclusion on financial attitudes, financial behaviour and financial literacy among university students: empirical evidence from Malaysia and Turkiye

The issue of financial inclusion affecting university students is critical because it may lead to financial distress, which has a high impact on their daily lives. This, in turn, will have high consequences on the results of their studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of three variables, namely financial attitudes, financial behaviour and financial literacy and financial inclusion among university students in Malaysia and Türkiye. A survey of 277 university students in the international Islamic University of Malaysia and 174 university students in the University of Bingöl was carried out. Data analysis were processed through SPSS. The correlation results that financial attitude, financial behaviour, and financial literacy significantly explained the financial inclusion response from the students in a university from both countries. Besides, the r2 also presented that all three variables explained the financial inclusion among the university students by 86.5%. Meanwhile, from the separate regression analysis, the correlation of financial attitude, financial behaviour and financial literacy with the financial inclusion were deemed higher among Turkish students compared to Malaysia students. Nevertheless, financial literacy was significantly explaining the financial inclusion among the students in both countries. Hence, the regulators should focus on increasing financial literacy knowledge and skills at universities to address the issue of financial inclusion.