Graded Brittle–Ductile Transition via Laser-Induced Thermal Gradient for Broaching of Z10C13 Steel

This paper presents a breakthrough in activating the skin effect at conventional broaching speeds (1-8 m/min) by using laser defocus gradient modification to induce surface embrittlement in martensitic stainless steel Z10C13. Through controlled defocusing, a 50 μm gradient remelting layer was created, which features ultrafine grains (0.8 μm) and a high-density geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) zone (ρGND = 2.27 μm^-3). The quasi-cleavage fracture was triggered via dislocation pinning by non-oriented low-angle grain boundaries (28.4% LAGBs). Multiscale characterization confirms that this microstructural transformation enhances surface hardness by 12.95% (reaching 31.4 HRC), reduces cutting force by 34.07%, and improves surface roughness by 63.74% (Sz = 28.80 μm). Simultaneously, a parallel crack-deflection mechanism restricts subsurface damage propagation, resulting in a crack-free subsurface zone. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the embrittlement-toughening dichotomy for precision machining of difficult-to-cut materials under low-speed constraints.