Health-seeking behavior and the related out-of-pocket expenditure for noncommunicable diseases in Erbil, Iraq: a quantile regression analysis

This study reveals the significant financial burden caused by out-of-pocket expenditures for NCD care. As most individuals with NCDs rely on private pharmacies for medication, the associated costs, particularly for those managing multiple conditions, represent a substantial challenge for households. There is a need for improved financial protection mechanisms and expanded access to affordable NCD care. Future research should examine the impact of health insurance coverage and public-sector interventions on reducing out-of-pocket expenditures and improving access to NCD care in Iraq.