Carbonation of Ca–rich and Mg–rich precursor: a comprehensive review, comparisons and future opportunities

Mineral carbonation offers durable CO₂ sequestration and pathways to decarbonise cementitious materials. This review systematically compares Ca- and Mg-based precursors in terms of six dimensions: polymorphism, influencing factors, carbonation degree, carbonation products, application and sequestration efficiency. Links between microstructure, mechanical and durability performance, and CO₂ uptake are synthesised. Application windows, energy demands, and future research priorities are outlined to guide multi-scale design of low-carbon, mineralised and resilient cementitious materials.