Functional Properties of Chitosan Conjugated with Oleic Acid and Caffeic Acid and Its Application in Oil-in-Water Emulsions

The objective of this study was to develop multifunctional chitosan (CT) derivatives by conjugating oleic acid (OLA) and caffeic acid (CAF) to improve water solubility at neutral pH, enhance interfacial activity, and provide antioxidant protection in oil-in-water emulsions. Two CAF-incorporation strategies-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide·HCl/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS)-mediated amide coupling and ascorbic acid/H₂O₂-initiated free radical grafting-were employed to functionalize the CT-OLA backbone. The CT-OLA-CAF conjugates generated via the free radical pathway exhibited markedly lower viscosity and interfacial tension than those produced through EDC/NHS coupling, thereby highlighting the respective advantages and limitations associated with these two synthesis approaches. Chemically, CAF incorporation substantially enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the conjugates-surpassing that of both CT and CT-OLA and conferred excellent protection to photo-oxidatively labile β-carotene in o/w emulsions.