Ginseng as an immune-enhancing food ingredient and its hydroponic cultivation development

The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially increased global demand for immune-enhancing substances, prompting consumers to seek functional food ingredients that bolster immune health. Concurrently, as environmental issues such as global warming and climate change have gained prominence following the pandemic, there has been a marked surge in demand for eco-friendly products and sustainable agriculture methods. Ginseng ( Panax ginseng ), well-regarded for its rich bioactive components including ginsenosides, polyphenols, and polysaccharides has attracted particular interest due to its capacity to bolster the immune system and provide health benefits against a range of conditions. This review critically examines recent research on hydroponic ginseng cultivation through a food science lens, addressing how precisely controlled growing conditions can improve ginseng’s yield, quality, and bioactive compound profile. By evaluating current studies, we explore the practical applications of hydroponic ginseng in functional food innovation, while also assessing its ecological advantages in terms of resource efficiency and minimized environmental impact. Research indicates that hydroponic cultivation techniques can enhance the growth, quality, and bioactive phytochemical concentrations of ginseng by enabling precise control of nutrients, humidity, and temperature. This improved cultivation environment may amplify ginseng’s immune-boosting effects and meet the evolving consumer demand for both natural health foods and sustainable farming practices. Additionally, hydroponic systems reduce the need for pesticides, conserve water resources, and mitigate some of the adverse effects associated with soil-based agriculture. By integrating hydroponic technology into ginseng production, producers can potentially overcome the challenges of traditional cultivation, provide a higher-quality product with stronger immune-enhancing properties, and support a more sustainable and environmentally conscious food industry. Advancements in technology and further research into precise cultivation techniques may solidify the role of hydroponic ginseng as a functional food ingredient capable of meeting escalating global demands for immune-enhancing and environmentally responsible products. • Hydroponics enables early-stage ginseng harvests in weeks and improves supply flexibility. • Soilless cultivation mitigates replant disease and reduces pesticide use. • Four hydroponic cultivation methods can be tailored to different ginseng products. • LED spectra, elicitors, and plasma water can boost ginsenosides and phenolics. • Standardization, sanitation, and aerial parts can expand immune-support foods.